-
1 calamitas
călămĭtas, ātis, f. [cf. in columis].I.Lit., loss, injury, damage, mischief, harm: sed ecca ipsa egreditur, nostri fundi calamitas (Ter. Eun. 1, 1, 34). Proprie calamitatem rustici grandinem dicunt, Don.; cf. the same on Ter Heaut. 2, 4, 15: robigo genus est vitii, quo culmi pereunt, quod a rusticanis calamitas dicitur, Serv ad Verg. G. 1, 151: postquam calamitas plures annos arvas calvitur, Pac. ap. Non. p. 192, 30; Plaut. Cas. 5, 2, 34; id. Capt. 4, 3, 4:II.non ut legatus populi Romani, sed ut quaedam calamitas pervadere videretur,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 17, § 44 (cf. calamitosus, I A.):in calamitate fructuum,
in the failure, id. ib. 2, 3, 98, §227: gregem afficere magnā calamitate,
Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 27.—Trop.A.In gen., loss, misfortune, mishap, injury, calamity, disaster, ruin, adversity (freq. in class. prose and in iambic verse;B.excluded from hexameters by the measure): quanta,
Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 101:ita eam oppressit calamitas,
Ter. Hec. prol. 22 (30):nova,
Cic. Agr. 2, 3, 8:videbam, perniciem meam cum magnā calamitate rei publicae esse conjunctam,
id. Cat. 1, 5, 11:aliis cau-sam calamitatis attribuere,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 41, § 106:calamitatem capere,
id. Div. 1, 16:in calamitate esse,
distress, Sall. C. 44, 5:calamitates perferre,
Caes. B. G. 3, 19:tolerare,
Cic. Att. 3, 14, 2:ferre,
Nep. Timol. 4, 1; cf.:calamitates ferre,
id. Ham. 1, 3:calamitate prohibere aliquem,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 7, 18:ignominiam et calamitatem in domum referre,
id. Off. 1, 39, 138; Phaedr. 1, 3 fin.; cf. id. 3, prol. 40:calamitates publicae,
Suet. Calig. 31; Col. 1, 3, 7.—In the histt. esp., the misfortunes of war, disaster, defeat: magnam inde calamitatem pulsos accepisse; quibus proeliis calamitatibusque fractos, etc., Caes. B. G. 1, 31:III.magna clades atque calamitas rempublicam oppressisset,
Sall. C. 39, 4:accipere,
Nep. Con. 1, 3:accidit illa calamitas apud Leuctra,
id. Ages. 6, 1:calamitates belli ferre,
id. Hann. 1, 3:calamitatem inferre alicui,
Caes. B. G. 1, 12.—Hence opp. to victoria, Suet. Caes. 60.—Transf.:hostium adversus calamitates contendere,
against the prostrate enemy, Just. 11, 12, 13. -
2 calamitās
calamitās ātis, f [SCAL-], loss, injury, damage, mischief, harm, misfortune, calamity, disaster: ipsa nostri fundi calamitas, bane, T.: ut quaedam calamitas pervadere: in calamitate fructuum, failure: ita eam oppressit calamitas, T.: rei p.: privata: in calamitate esse, distress, S.: calamitates perferre, Cs. — Poet.: nec repulsam tua sentiret calamitas, you in your misfortune, Ph.—Esp., the misfortunes of war, disaster, overthrow, defeat: magnam calamitatem accepisse, Cs.: Cannensi calamitate aeceptā: magna clades atque calamitas, S.: illa apud Leuctra, N.: insignis, Cs.* * *loss, damage, harm; misfortune/disaster; military defeat; blight, crop failure -
3 malheur
malheur [malœʀ]masculine nouna. ( = événement pénible) misfortune ; ( = événement très grave) calamity ; ( = épreuve) ordeal ; ( = accident) accident• le malheur c'est que... the trouble is that...• faire un malheur ( = avoir un gros succès) to be a big hit• s'il continue, je fais un malheur ! (inf) if he carries on like that, I'll do something I might regret• quel malheur qu'il ne soit pas venu ! what a shame he didn't come!• il a eu le malheur de dire que cela ne lui plaisait pas he made the big mistake of saying he didn't like it• ne parle pas de malheur ! God forbid!• le malheur a voulu qu'un policier le voie as ill luck would have it a policeman saw him (PROV) le malheur des uns fait le bonheur des autres(PROV) it's an ill wind that blows nobody any good* * *malœʀnom masculin1) ( adversité) adversity, misfortunefaire le malheur de quelqu'un — to bring somebody nothing but unhappiness; bonheur
2) ( coup du sort) misfortune; ( grave) tragedy; ( accident) accidentle grand malheur! — iron so what!
3) ( malchance) misfortunepar malheur, le malheur a voulu que — as bad ou ill luck would have it
si par malheur la guerre éclatait — if, God forbid, war should break out
porter malheur — to be ou bring bad luck
le malheur, c'est que... — the trouble is,...
••il va faire un malheur — (colloq) ( avoir du succès) he'll be a sensation; ( faire un éclat) he'll cause a scene
un malheur n'arrive jamais seul — Proverbe it never rains but it pours
à quelque chose malheur est bon — Proverbe every cloud has a silver lining Proverbe
* * *malœʀ nm1)le malheur — adversity, misfortune
2) (= événement) misfortune, tragedyElle a eu beaucoup de malheurs dans sa vie. — She's had a lot of tragedy in her life.
avoir le malheur de faire — to have the misfortune to do, to be unfortunate enough to do
Elle a eu le malheur de perdre son père très jeune. — She had the misfortune to lose her father at a very young age.
Il a eu le malheur de la critiquer. ironique — He made the mistake of criticizing her.
quel malheur! — what a shame!, what a pity!
3)Leur dernier album a fait un malheur. — Their latest album was a smash hit.
* * *A nm1 ( adversité) adversity, misfortune; même dans le malheur even in adversity; tomber dans le malheur to be struck by misfortune; avoir sa part de malheur to have one's share of misfortune; elle fait le malheur de sa famille she brings her family nothing but unhappiness; ⇒ bonheur;2 ( coup du sort) misfortune; ( grave) tragedy; ( accident) accident; une série de malheurs a series of misfortunes; les malheurs qui l'ont frappé the misfortunes that befell him; le grand malheur de ma jeunesse the great tragedy of my youth; un malheur est si vite arrivé! accidents can so easily happen!; il leur arrivera malheur! something terrible will happen to them!; tous nos petits malheurs all our little troubles; raconter ses malheurs à qn to tell sb one's troubles; le grand malheur! so what!;3 ( malchance) misfortune; jouer de malheur to be dogged by misfortune; ceux qui ont le malheur de perdre leur emploi those who are unfortunate enough ou have the misfortune to lose their jobs; j'ai eu le malheur de le leur dire I made the mistake of telling them; pour mon malheur unfortunately for me; par malheur il y avait grève ce jour-là, le malheur a voulu qu'il y ait grève ce jour-là as bad luck would have it, there was a strike that day; si par malheur la guerre éclatait if war should break out, which God forbid; porter malheur to be ou bring bad luck; le malheur, c'est que… the trouble is,…; son malheur, c'est qu'elle est paresseuse her trouble is that she's lazy; malheur à qui… woe betide anyone who…; ce temps de malheur○ this wretched weather.B excl malheur! ne dis jamais ça! for heaven's sake! don't ever say such a thing!; (oh) malheur! il nous a vus! oh my God○, he's seen us!il va faire un malheur○ ( avoir du succès) he'll be a sensation; ( être violent) he'll do something he'll regret; ( faire un éclat) he'll cause a scene; un malheur n'arrive jamais seul Prov it never rains but it pours; à quelque chose malheur est bon Prov every cloud has a silver lining Prov.[malɶr] nom masculin1. [incident] misfortuneun grand malheur a (great) tragedy ou catastrophefaire un malheur (familier) : ne le laissez pas rentrer ou je fais un malheur don't let him in or I can't answer for the consequenceselle passait en première partie et c'est elle qui a fait un malheur she was the supporting act but it was she who brought the house downpose cette tasse, un malheur est si vite arrivé! put that cup down before there's an accident!2. [malchance]le malheur misfortune, bad luckle malheur a voulu que... as bad luck would have it...avoir le malheur de to be unfortunate enough to, to have the misfortune toj'ai eu le malheur de perdre mon père jeune I had the ou it was my misfortune to lose my father when I was youngj'ai eu le malheur de lui dire de se taire! I was foolish enough to ask her ou I made the mistake of asking her to be quiet!être dans le malheur to suffer misfortunes ou hard timesarrête, ça porte malheur! stop, it brings bad luck!pour son/mon/ton malheur: je l'ai bien connu, pour mon malheur I knew him well, more's the pitypour son malheur, il était l'aîné de six enfants unfortunately for him, he was the oldest of sixje joue de malheur en ce moment I'm dogged by ou I've got a run of bad luck at the momentc'est dans le malheur qu'on connaît ses vrais amis (proverbe) a friend in need is a friend indeed (proverbe)3. [désespoir]faire le malheur de quelqu'un to cause somebody unhappiness, to bring sorrow to somebodyle malheur des uns fait le bonheur des autres (proverbe) one man's joy is another man's sorrow (proverbe)le malheur c'est que j'ai perdu l'adresse unfortunately, ou the trouble is I've lost the addresssans permis de travail, pas de possibilité d'emploi, c'est ça le malheur without a work permit you can't get a job, that's the snag ou the problemquel malheur que... what a shame ou pity that...————————[malɶr] interjection————————de malheur locution adjectivaleje ne remonterai plus sur ce vélo de malheur I'll never ride that wretched ou accursed bike again————————par malheur locution adverbialepar malheur, son fils est né avec la même maladie sadly, her son was born with the same disease -
4 avatares
m.pl.vicissitudes, ups and downs.* * *= vicissitudes, ups and downs, misfortune, twists and turns.Ex. The textual vicissitudes of British nineteenth-century novels in America are notorious.Ex. The book trade is a mixed bag of ups and downs even within one broad category of publishing.Ex. The economic misfortunes of the decade had removed much of the opposition to the working classes using public libraries.Ex. He carefully traces Churchill's twists and turns on this subject and concludes that his 'apparent somersaults were mere digressions and often only tactical in character'.----* avatares del tiempo, los = vicissitudes of time, the, whims of time, the.* los avatares de la guerra = the tides of war.* * *= vicissitudes, ups and downs, misfortune, twists and turns.Ex: The textual vicissitudes of British nineteenth-century novels in America are notorious.
Ex: The book trade is a mixed bag of ups and downs even within one broad category of publishing.Ex: The economic misfortunes of the decade had removed much of the opposition to the working classes using public libraries.Ex: He carefully traces Churchill's twists and turns on this subject and concludes that his 'apparent somersaults were mere digressions and often only tactical in character'.* avatares del tiempo, los = vicissitudes of time, the, whims of time, the.* los avatares de la guerra = the tides of war.* * *mpl changes -
5 Historical Portugal
Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims inPortugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and theChurch (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict untilUN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU. -
6 anuncio
m.1 announcement.2 sign, herald (presagio).3 ad, commercial, insertion, advertisement.4 signboard, shopsign.pres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: anunciar.* * *2 (publicidad) advertisement, advert, ad3 (valla publicitaria) hoarding, US billboard4 (cartel) poster, notice\anuncios económicos / anuncios clasificados classified adverts, small adsanuncios por palabras classified adverts, small ads* * *noun m.1) advertisement, ad, commercial2) announcement* * *SM1) (Com) [en un periódico] advertisement, advert, ad *; [en TV, radio] advertisement, advert, commercial; (=cartel) posterponer un anuncio en un periódico — to put an advertisement o advert o ad * in a newspaper
prohibido fijar o pegar anuncios — post o stick no bills
anuncio publicitario — advertisement, advert, commercial
anuncios clasificados — classified ads *, classified advertisements, classifieds
tablónanuncios por palabras — classified ads, small ads *
2) (=notificación) announcement3) (=presagio) omen, signfue un anuncio de las desgracias futuras — it was an omen o a sign of the misfortunes to come
* * *1) ( de noticia) announcement; ( presagio) sign, omen2) (Com, Marketing) ( en periódico) advertisement, ad (colloq); ( en televisión) commercialinsertar un anuncio en el periódico — to place o put an advertisement in the newspaper
prohibido fijar anuncios — bill stickers o posters will be prosecuted
•* * *= announcement, notice, spot, advert.Nota: Abreviatura de advertisment.Ex. Printed current awareness bulletins may be produced from similar facilities to those in above, except that here the announcement will relate only to newly added items.Ex. Notices may be useful in this context for the user who wishes to familiarise himself with the workings of the catalogue before approaching a terminal.Ex. Standard advertising mechanisms, such as spots on radio and television, signs in buses and on billboards, and widely disseminated leaflets are used if money is available.Ex. There was no support for a hypothesis that there would be more provocatively dressed women in sporting event adverts than in those accompanying soap operas or prime time shows = No se confirmó la hipótesis de que habría más mujeres vestidas de una forma provocativa en los anuncios de los acontecimientos deportivos que en los que se emiten con las telenovelas o con los programas de mayor audiencia.----* anuncio comercial = commercial.* anuncio de compra-venta = classified ad, classified advertisement.* anuncio de empleo = job advertisement.* anuncio de trabajo = help wanted ad, help wanted notice.* anuncio oficial = official announcement.* anuncio personal = personal ad.* anuncio por palabras = classified advertisement, classified ad.* anuncio publicitario = ad (advertisement), advertisement (ad), spot advertising.* anuncio publicitario de la radio = radio commercial, sound bite, radio spot.* anuncio publicitario de televisión = television commercial.* anuncio publicitario de un libro = advertising blurb.* anuncio publicitario por radio = radio spot, sound bite, radio commercial.* anuncio publicitario por televisión = television spot.* anuncios de trabajo = help-wanted advertising.* anuncios en los medios de comunicación = media releases.* cancioncilla de anuncio publicitario = jingle.* hombre anuncio = sandwich man, sandwich-board man, human billboard.* mantenido por anuncios = ad-driven, advertisement driven.* programas espía de anuncios = adware.* sintonía de anuncio publicitario = jingle.* tablón de anuncios = noticeboard, bulletin board, message board, display board.* tablón de anuncios electrónico = online bulletin board.* tablón electrónico de anuncios = electronic bulletin board (EEB), bulletin board system (BBS).* * *1) ( de noticia) announcement; ( presagio) sign, omen2) (Com, Marketing) ( en periódico) advertisement, ad (colloq); ( en televisión) commercialinsertar un anuncio en el periódico — to place o put an advertisement in the newspaper
prohibido fijar anuncios — bill stickers o posters will be prosecuted
•* * *= announcement, notice, spot, advert.Nota: Abreviatura de advertisment.Ex: Printed current awareness bulletins may be produced from similar facilities to those in above, except that here the announcement will relate only to newly added items.
Ex: Notices may be useful in this context for the user who wishes to familiarise himself with the workings of the catalogue before approaching a terminal.Ex: Standard advertising mechanisms, such as spots on radio and television, signs in buses and on billboards, and widely disseminated leaflets are used if money is available.Ex: There was no support for a hypothesis that there would be more provocatively dressed women in sporting event adverts than in those accompanying soap operas or prime time shows = No se confirmó la hipótesis de que habría más mujeres vestidas de una forma provocativa en los anuncios de los acontecimientos deportivos que en los que se emiten con las telenovelas o con los programas de mayor audiencia.* anuncio comercial = commercial.* anuncio de compra-venta = classified ad, classified advertisement.* anuncio de empleo = job advertisement.* anuncio de trabajo = help wanted ad, help wanted notice.* anuncio oficial = official announcement.* anuncio personal = personal ad.* anuncio por palabras = classified advertisement, classified ad.* anuncio publicitario = ad (advertisement), advertisement (ad), spot advertising.* anuncio publicitario de la radio = radio commercial, sound bite, radio spot.* anuncio publicitario de televisión = television commercial.* anuncio publicitario de un libro = advertising blurb.* anuncio publicitario por radio = radio spot, sound bite, radio commercial.* anuncio publicitario por televisión = television spot.* anuncios de trabajo = help-wanted advertising.* anuncios en los medios de comunicación = media releases.* cancioncilla de anuncio publicitario = jingle.* hombre anuncio = sandwich man, sandwich-board man, human billboard.* mantenido por anuncios = ad-driven, advertisement driven.* programas espía de anuncios = adware.* sintonía de anuncio publicitario = jingle.* tablón de anuncios = noticeboard, bulletin board, message board, display board.* tablón de anuncios electrónico = online bulletin board.* tablón electrónico de anuncios = electronic bulletin board (EEB), bulletin board system (BBS).* * *A1 (de una noticia) announcement2 (presagio) sign, omenun anuncio de muerte an augur of death ( liter)B ( Com, Marketing) (en un periódico) advertisement, ad ( colloq); (en la televisión) commercial, advertisement ( BrE)insertar un anuncio en el periódico to place o put an advertisement in the newspaperpuse un anuncio en la facultad I put an ad o ( BrE) advert up in the department[ S ] prohibido fijar anuncios bill stickers o posters will be prosecuted, stick no billsCompuestos:advice of dispatchdisplay advertisement● anuncios breves or clasificadosmpl classified advertisements (pl), classified sectionmpl classified advertisements (pl), classified section* * *
Del verbo anunciar: ( conjugate anunciar)
anuncio es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo
anunció es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo
Multiple Entries:
anunciar
anuncio
anunciar ( conjugate anunciar) verbo transitivo
‹lluvias/tormentas› to forecast
anuncio sustantivo masculino
( presagio) sign, omen
( en televisión) commercial;
anuncios clasificados or por palabras classified advertisements (pl)
anunciar verbo transitivo
1 (promocionar un producto) to advertise
2 (notificar) to announce
anuncio sustantivo masculino
1 (publicitario) advertisment, advert, ad
2 (noticia) announcement
3 (cartel, letrero) notice, poster
' anuncio' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
convenir
- fotolito
- insertar
- musiquilla
- necesitar
- presagio
- aviso
- comercial
- convocatoria
- lema
- pasar
- poner
- recortar
- spot
English:
ad
- advert
- advertise
- advertisement
- announcement
- bulletin
- capture
- commercial
- marriage
- notice
- sandwich-board
- sandwich-man
- short
- small ad
- spot
- spread
- stick up
- word
- bedlam
- fix
- go
- small
* * *anuncio nm1. [de noticia] announcement2. [cartel, aviso] notice;[póster] poster anuncio luminoso illuminated sign3. [publicitario] [en prensa] advertisement, Br advert;[en televisión] advertisement, commercial, Br advert anuncios breves classified ads o adverts;anuncios clasificados classified ads o adverts;anuncios por palabras classified ads o adverts;anuncio personal [por palabras] personal advert;anuncio publicitario display advertisement4. [presagio] sign, herald;esas nubes son un anuncio de tormenta those clouds mean a storm is on its way;el enfrentamiento era el anuncio de una cruenta guerra civil the clash was the prelude to a bloody civil war* * *m1 announcement2 ( presagio) sign3 COM advertisement;sección de anuncios advertisement section;anuncio luminoso illuminated sign* * *anuncio nm1) : announcement2) : advertisement, commercial* * *anuncio n1. (declaración) announcement2. (de publicidad) advertisement / advert -
7 acuo
ăcŭo, ui, ūtum, 3, v. a. ( part. fut. acuturus, not used) [cf. 2. acer], to make sharp or pointed, to sharpen, whet.I.Lit.:II.ne stridorem quidem serrae audiunt, cum acuitur,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 40; so,ferrum,
Verg. A. 8, 386; Hor. C. 1, 2, 21:enses,
Ov. M. 15, 776:gladium,
Vulg. Deut. 32, 41:sagittas,
id. Jer. 51, 11.— Poet.:fulmen,
Lucr. 6, 278:dentes,
Hor. C. 3, 20, 10; cf. Tib. 4, 3, 3.—Trop.A.First, of the tongue, qs. to whet, i. e. to sharpen, exercise, improve:B.acuere linguam exercitatione dicendi,
Cic. Brut. 97:linguam causis,
Hor. Ep. 1, 3, 23; so Vulg. Psa. 139, 4; so in gen.: se, to exercise one's self, to make one's self ready:acueram me ad exagitandam hanc ejus legationem,
Cic. Att. 2, 7: mentem, ingenium, prudentiam, etc.; to sharpen:multa, quae acuant mentem, multa quae obtundant,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 33; so id. Brut. 33; id. Phil. 2, 17; id. de Or. 1, 20.—Acuere aliquem (with or without ad aliquid), to spur on, incite, stir up, arouse:C.ad crudelitatem,
Cic. Lig. 4; id. Fam. 15, 21:illos sat aetas acuet,
Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 49; Cic. Rosc. Am. 33, 110:ita duae res, quae languorem afferunt ceteris, illum acuebant, otium et solitudo,
id. Off. 3, 1; Liv. 28, 19:curis acuens mortalia corda,
Verg. G. 1, 123:auditisque lupos acuunt balatibus agni,
id. ib. 4, 435:quam Juno his acuit verbis,
id. A. 7, 330.—Aliquid, to rouse up, kindle, excite (mostly poet.):D.saevus in armis Aeneas acuit Martem et se suscitat irā,
Verg. A. 12, 108:iram,
Vulg. Sap. 5, 21:studia,
Val. Max. 2, 2, no. 3.—In gramm.: acuere syllabam, to give an acute accent to (opp. gravem ponere), Quint. 1, 5, 22; cf. Prisc. Op. Min. 159 Lind.: accentus acutus ideo inventus est, quod acuat sive elevet syllabam.—Hence, ăcūtus, a, um, P.a., sharpened, made pointed; hence,A.Lit., sharp, pointed ( acer denotes natural sharpness, etc.: acutus, that produced by exertion, skill, etc.: sermo acer, impassioned, passionate; sermo acutus, pointed, acute discourse):2.vide ut sit acutus culter probe,
Plaut. Mil. 5, 4:ferrum,
Hor. A. P. 304:cuspis,
Verg. A. 5, 208:gladius,
Vulg. Psa. 56, 5:carex,
Verg. G. 3, 231; elementa, i. e. pointed, jagged atoms (opp. to perplexa, connected), Lucr. 2, 463:nasus,
Plaut. Cap. 3, 4, 114:oculi,
of a pointed shape, id. Ps. 4, 7, 121:aures,
pointed, Hor. C. 2, 19, 4:saxa,
id. ib. 3, 27, 61; so Verg. A. 1, 45.—Transf.a.Of the senses themselves, sharp, keen:b.oculos acrīs atque cicutos,
Cic. Planc. 66:nares,
Hor. S. 1, 3, 29; Cels. 2, 6.—Of objects affecting the senses, sharp, acute; of the voice, soprano or treble: inde loci lituus sonitus effudit acutos, Enn. ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 116 Müll. (Ann. v. 522 ed. Vahl.):c.hinnitu,
Verg. G. 3, 94:voces,
id. Cir. 107; Ov. M. 3, 224:stridore,
Hor. C. 1, 34, 15:vocem ab acutissimo sono usque ad gravissimum sonum recipiunt,
from the highest treble to the lowest base, Cic. de Or. 1, 59, 251; cf. ib. 3, 57, 216; Somn. Scip. 5; Rep. 6, 18.—In gen., of things affecting the body, of either heat or cold from their similar effects, keen, sharp, violent, severe:B.sol,
Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 17:radii solis,
Ov. H. 4, 159:gelu,
Hor. C. 1, 9, 4; cf. Lucr. 1, 495; Verg. G. 1, 93; so,febris,
Cels. 2, 4:morbus,
id. 3 (opp. longus), rapid.— Subst. with gen.:acuta belli,
violent, severe misfortunes of war, Hor. C. 4, 4, 76 (= graves belli molestias).—Fig.1.Of intellectual qualities, acute, clear-sighted, intelligent, sagacious (very freq.):2.Antisthenes homo acutus magis quam eruditus,
Cic. Att. 12, 37; so id. de Or. 1, 51; id. N. D. 1, 16; Nep. Dion. 8, 1:homo ingenio prudentiāque acutissimus,
Cic. de Or. 1, 39:acutae sententiae,
id. Opt. Gen. Or. 2, 5:motus animorum ad excogitandum acuti,
id. Or. 1, 113:studia,
id. Gen. 50:conclusiones,
Quint. 2, 20, 5.—In gramm.: accentus acutus, the acute accent (opp. gravis), Prisc. p. 159, ed. Lindem.— Comp. Plin. 13, 1, 2.— Adv.: ăcūte, sharply, keenly, acutely:. cernere, Lucr. 4, 804; ib. 811:conlecta,
Cic. Deiot. 33:excogitat,
id. Verr. 4, 147:respondeo,
id. Cael. 17:scribo,
id. Verr. 3, 20; so, ăcūtum:cernis,
Hor. S. 1, 3, 26:resonarent,
ib. 8, 41: and, ăcūta: canis ululat, Enn. ap. Fest. p. 9 Müll. (Ann. 346 Vahl.).— Comp., Cic. Inv. 2, 16.— Sup., Cic. Off. 1, 44; id. Verr. 3, 20. -
8 acuta
ăcŭo, ui, ūtum, 3, v. a. ( part. fut. acuturus, not used) [cf. 2. acer], to make sharp or pointed, to sharpen, whet.I.Lit.:II.ne stridorem quidem serrae audiunt, cum acuitur,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 40; so,ferrum,
Verg. A. 8, 386; Hor. C. 1, 2, 21:enses,
Ov. M. 15, 776:gladium,
Vulg. Deut. 32, 41:sagittas,
id. Jer. 51, 11.— Poet.:fulmen,
Lucr. 6, 278:dentes,
Hor. C. 3, 20, 10; cf. Tib. 4, 3, 3.—Trop.A.First, of the tongue, qs. to whet, i. e. to sharpen, exercise, improve:B.acuere linguam exercitatione dicendi,
Cic. Brut. 97:linguam causis,
Hor. Ep. 1, 3, 23; so Vulg. Psa. 139, 4; so in gen.: se, to exercise one's self, to make one's self ready:acueram me ad exagitandam hanc ejus legationem,
Cic. Att. 2, 7: mentem, ingenium, prudentiam, etc.; to sharpen:multa, quae acuant mentem, multa quae obtundant,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 33; so id. Brut. 33; id. Phil. 2, 17; id. de Or. 1, 20.—Acuere aliquem (with or without ad aliquid), to spur on, incite, stir up, arouse:C.ad crudelitatem,
Cic. Lig. 4; id. Fam. 15, 21:illos sat aetas acuet,
Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 49; Cic. Rosc. Am. 33, 110:ita duae res, quae languorem afferunt ceteris, illum acuebant, otium et solitudo,
id. Off. 3, 1; Liv. 28, 19:curis acuens mortalia corda,
Verg. G. 1, 123:auditisque lupos acuunt balatibus agni,
id. ib. 4, 435:quam Juno his acuit verbis,
id. A. 7, 330.—Aliquid, to rouse up, kindle, excite (mostly poet.):D.saevus in armis Aeneas acuit Martem et se suscitat irā,
Verg. A. 12, 108:iram,
Vulg. Sap. 5, 21:studia,
Val. Max. 2, 2, no. 3.—In gramm.: acuere syllabam, to give an acute accent to (opp. gravem ponere), Quint. 1, 5, 22; cf. Prisc. Op. Min. 159 Lind.: accentus acutus ideo inventus est, quod acuat sive elevet syllabam.—Hence, ăcūtus, a, um, P.a., sharpened, made pointed; hence,A.Lit., sharp, pointed ( acer denotes natural sharpness, etc.: acutus, that produced by exertion, skill, etc.: sermo acer, impassioned, passionate; sermo acutus, pointed, acute discourse):2.vide ut sit acutus culter probe,
Plaut. Mil. 5, 4:ferrum,
Hor. A. P. 304:cuspis,
Verg. A. 5, 208:gladius,
Vulg. Psa. 56, 5:carex,
Verg. G. 3, 231; elementa, i. e. pointed, jagged atoms (opp. to perplexa, connected), Lucr. 2, 463:nasus,
Plaut. Cap. 3, 4, 114:oculi,
of a pointed shape, id. Ps. 4, 7, 121:aures,
pointed, Hor. C. 2, 19, 4:saxa,
id. ib. 3, 27, 61; so Verg. A. 1, 45.—Transf.a.Of the senses themselves, sharp, keen:b.oculos acrīs atque cicutos,
Cic. Planc. 66:nares,
Hor. S. 1, 3, 29; Cels. 2, 6.—Of objects affecting the senses, sharp, acute; of the voice, soprano or treble: inde loci lituus sonitus effudit acutos, Enn. ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 116 Müll. (Ann. v. 522 ed. Vahl.):c.hinnitu,
Verg. G. 3, 94:voces,
id. Cir. 107; Ov. M. 3, 224:stridore,
Hor. C. 1, 34, 15:vocem ab acutissimo sono usque ad gravissimum sonum recipiunt,
from the highest treble to the lowest base, Cic. de Or. 1, 59, 251; cf. ib. 3, 57, 216; Somn. Scip. 5; Rep. 6, 18.—In gen., of things affecting the body, of either heat or cold from their similar effects, keen, sharp, violent, severe:B.sol,
Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 17:radii solis,
Ov. H. 4, 159:gelu,
Hor. C. 1, 9, 4; cf. Lucr. 1, 495; Verg. G. 1, 93; so,febris,
Cels. 2, 4:morbus,
id. 3 (opp. longus), rapid.— Subst. with gen.:acuta belli,
violent, severe misfortunes of war, Hor. C. 4, 4, 76 (= graves belli molestias).—Fig.1.Of intellectual qualities, acute, clear-sighted, intelligent, sagacious (very freq.):2.Antisthenes homo acutus magis quam eruditus,
Cic. Att. 12, 37; so id. de Or. 1, 51; id. N. D. 1, 16; Nep. Dion. 8, 1:homo ingenio prudentiāque acutissimus,
Cic. de Or. 1, 39:acutae sententiae,
id. Opt. Gen. Or. 2, 5:motus animorum ad excogitandum acuti,
id. Or. 1, 113:studia,
id. Gen. 50:conclusiones,
Quint. 2, 20, 5.—In gramm.: accentus acutus, the acute accent (opp. gravis), Prisc. p. 159, ed. Lindem.— Comp. Plin. 13, 1, 2.— Adv.: ăcūte, sharply, keenly, acutely:. cernere, Lucr. 4, 804; ib. 811:conlecta,
Cic. Deiot. 33:excogitat,
id. Verr. 4, 147:respondeo,
id. Cael. 17:scribo,
id. Verr. 3, 20; so, ăcūtum:cernis,
Hor. S. 1, 3, 26:resonarent,
ib. 8, 41: and, ăcūta: canis ululat, Enn. ap. Fest. p. 9 Müll. (Ann. 346 Vahl.).— Comp., Cic. Inv. 2, 16.— Sup., Cic. Off. 1, 44; id. Verr. 3, 20. -
9 llevar
v.1 to take.llevar algo/a alguien a to take something/somebody tome llevó en coche he drove me thereEl bus llevó a María The bus got Mary there.2 to carry.llevaban en hombros al entrenador they were carrying the coach on their shouldersEl bus lleva mercadería para vender The bus carries goods for selling.Esa frase lleva mala intención That phrase carries bad intention.3 to wear.llevo gafas I wear glassesno llevo dinero I haven't got any money on me4 to have.llevar el pelo largo to have long hairllevas las manos sucias your hands are dirty5 to handle, to deal with.lleva la contabilidad she keeps the books6 to keep.llevar el paso to keep in step7 to deal or cope with.llevar algo bien/mal to deal o cope with something well/badly¿cómo lo llevas? (informal) how are you getting on?8 to be wearing, to have, to wear.LLeva un buen traje He is wearing a nice suit.9 to lead, to live.Lleva un vida muy triste He leads a very sad life.10 to convey.Su gesto lleva amor His gesture conveys love.11 to take up.Ella llevó ciencias el año pasado She took up Science last year.12 to have been.Llevo viviendo mucho tiempo aquí I have been living a long time here.* * *1 (gen) to take■ te llevo en coche I'll take you in the car, I'll give you a lift2 (tener) to have; (tener encima) to have, carry■ ¿qué llevas ahí? what's that you've got there?■ ¿cuánto dinero llevas? how much money have you got on you?3 (prenda) to wear, have on4 (aguantar) to cope with■ ¿cómo lleva lo de quedarse sin trabajo? how's he coping with losing his job?5 (dirigir) to be in charge of■ ¿quién lleva el tema de los pedidos? who's in charge of orders?6 (conducir - coche) to drive; (moto) - to ride7 (pasar tiempo) to be8 (libros, cuentas) to keep9 (años) to be older10 (vida) to lead11 (tiempo, esfuerzo) to take12 (compás, paso, ritmo) to keep■ contigo no bailo, no sabes llevar el paso I'm not dancing with you, you can't keep in step■ ¿cuánto te llevaron por la reparación? how much did they charge you for the repairs?1 llevar a (conducir) to take, lead■ y esto, ¿adónde nos lleva? and where will this lead us?■ esto me lleva a pensar que... this leads me to think that...■ ¿qué lo llevó a actuar así? what made him act like that?3 llevar + participio to have2 (recibir) to get3 (estar de moda) to be fashionable5 MATEMÁTICAS to carry over\dejarse llevar por... to be influenced by..., get carried away with...llevar a la práctica to put into practicellevar adelante to carry outllevar la cuenta de to keep track ofllevar las de + inf to be likely to + infllevarse a matar to be at daggers drawn* * *verb1) to carry2) take, take away3) wear4) endure, bear•- llevarse* * *Para las expresiones llevar adelante, llevar la contraria, llevar las de perder, llevar a la práctica, llevar a término, llevar ventaja, ver la otra entrada.1. VERBO TRANSITIVO1) (=transportar) [con los brazos] to carry; [indicando el punto de destino] to take; [en vehículo] to transport"comida para llevar" — "food to take away", "take-away food"
¿es para llevar? — is it to take away?
2) (=llevar puesto) to wear¿hay que llevar corbata a la reunión? — do we have to wear a tie to the meeting?
llevaba puesto un sombrero muy raro — she had a very odd hat on, she was wearing a very odd hat
3) (=llevar encima)¡la que llevaba encima aquella noche! — * he was really smashed that night! *
4) (=tener)a) [+ barba, pelo] to haveb) [+ adorno, ingrediente] to havelleva un rótulo que dice... — it has a label (on it) which says...
¿qué lleva el pollo que está tan bueno? — what's in this chicken that makes it taste so good?
c) [+ armas, nombre, título] to have, bear frmel libro lleva el título de... — the book has the title of..., the book is entitled...
5) [+ persona]a) (=acompañar, conducir) to take¿adónde me llevan? — where are you taking me?
a ver ¿cuándo me llevas a cenar? — when are you going to take me out for a meal?
b) [en coche] to driveSofía nos llevó a casa — Sofía gave us a lift home, Sofía drove us home
yo voy en esa dirección, ¿quieres que te lleve? — I'm going that way, do you want a lift?
6) (=conducir)a) [+ vehículo] to driveb) [+ persona, entidad]llevó a su empresa a la bancarrota — he caused his company to go bankrupt, he bankrupted his company
•
[dejarse] llevar — to get carried awayno te dejes llevar por las apariencias — don't be taken in {o} deceived by appearances
si te dejas llevar por él, acabarás mal — if you fall in with him, you'll be in trouble
7) (=dirigir) [+ negocio, tienda] to run•
llevar la [casa] — to run the household•
¿quién lleva la [cuenta]? — who is keeping count?llevar las cuentas {o} los libros — (Com) to keep the books
compás 1)•
llevar una [materia] — Méx to study a subject8) (=aportar) to bring9) (=adelantar en)10) (=inducir)llevar a algn a creer que... — to lead sb to think that..., make sb think that...
esto me lleva a pensar que... — this leads me to think that...
11) (=tolerar)¿cómo lleva lo de su hijo? — how's she coping with what happened to her son?
tiene mucho genio y hay que saber llevarlo — he's very bad-tempered and you have to know how to deal with him
12) [indicando tiempo]a) (=haber estado) to be¿cuánto tiempo llevas aquí? — how long have you been here?
b) (=tardar) to take13) (=cobrar) to chargeno quería llevarme nada — he didn't want to charge me, he didn't want to take any money
14) (=ir por)¿qué dirección llevaba? — what direction was he going in?, which way was he going?
•
lleva [camino] de ser como su padre — it looks like he's going to turn out just like his father15) [+ vida] to leadllevar una vida tranquila — to live {o} lead a quiet life
16) + participio17) (=producir) (Com, Econ) to bear; (Agr) to bear, producelos bonos llevan un 8% de interés — the bonds pay {o} bear interest at 8%
no lleva fruto este año — it has no fruit this year, it hasn't produced any fruit this year
2.VERBO INTRANSITIVO [carretera] to go, leadesta carretera lleva a La Paz — this road goes {o} leads to La Paz
3.See:* * *1.verbo transitivo1)a) ( de un lugar a otro) to take¿qué llevas en el bolso? — what have you got in your bag?
comida para llevar — take out (AmE) o (BrE) takeaway meals
b) ( transportar) to carryc) < persona> to taked) ( tener consigo) to have2)a) (guiar, conducir) to takenos llevaron por un sendero — they led o took us along a path
la llevaba de la mano — I/he was holding her hand
b) (impulsar, inducir) to leadesto me lleva a pensar que... — this leads me to believe that...
¿qué la llevó a hacerlo? — what made her do it?
3) <ropa/perfume/reloj> to wear4) ( tener) to haveuna canción que lleva por título `Rencor' — a song entitled `Rencor'
5) ( tener a su cargo) <negocio/tienda> to run; < caso> to handle6)no sé bailar - no importa, yo te llevo — I can't dance - it doesn't matter, I'll lead
7) < vida> to leadllevar una vida tranquila/muy ajetreada — to lead a quiet/very hectic life; (+ compl)
¿cómo lleva lo del divorcio? - lo lleva muy mal — how is she coping with the divorce? - she's taking it very badly
8) (seguir, mantener)llevar el ritmo or el compás — to keep time
¿llevas la cuenta de lo que te debo? — are you keeping track of what I owe you?
¿qué dirección llevaban? — which direction were they going in?
9)a) ( requerir) to takelleva tiempo hacerlo bien — it takes time to do it well; (+ me/te/le etc)
b) (tener como ingrediente, componente)¿qué lleva esta sopa? — what's in this soup?
el tren sólo lleva dos vagones — the train has only two cars (AmE) o (BrE) carriages
10) (aventajar, exceder en) (+ me/te/le etc)11) (Esp) ( cobrar) to charge2.llevar v aux3.llevar las de ganar/de perder — to be likely to win/lose
llevar via) camino/carretera to go, leadb) ( al bailar) to lead4.llevarse v pron1)a) ( a otro lugar) to take¿quién se llevó mi paraguas? — who took my umbrella?
b) <premio/dinero> to winc) (quedarse con, comprar) to take¿cuántos se quiere llevar? — how many would you like?
d) (Mat) to carry9 y 9 son 18, me llevo una — 9 plus 9 is 18, carry one
e) (Arg) < asignatura> to carry over2) ( dirigir)3) <susto/regañina> to get4)5) ( hablando de modas)* * *= bear, bring, carry, lead, lug off, steer, engage, escort, lead + Pronombre + down the road to, take along, tote.Ex. Examples of homographs are: bear (to carry, or an animal) and score (music, football or to cut).Ex. Subject experts may bring a more informed and critical eye to document analysis.Ex. Cable TV systems have now been introduced in the United States that have the technical ability to carry two-way signals.Ex. A book index is an alphabetically arranged list of words or terms leading the reader to the numbers of pages on which specific topics are considered, or on which specific names appear.Ex. The whole affair, assembled and compressed, could be lugged off in a moving van.Ex. They decided that they had to set up information and referral services to steer people to the correct agency.Ex. And literature is part of that essential human behavior; it engages us in pre-enactments and re-enactments.Ex. Their work included escorting clients to other agencies.Ex. The catalog's deterioration is leading us down the road to lesser quality library service.Ex. When you're crunched for time, take along snacks that pack a wallop, nutritionally speaking.Ex. These bags are the best way to tote around your books, groceries, beach stuff, or even your puppy.----* agua + llevar = wash away.* Algo que lleva mucho tiempo de hacer = time-consuming [time consuming].* comida para llevar = takeaway meal, take-out meal, take-out.* correr como alma que lleva el diablo = run for + Posesivo + life.* cuando el río suena, agua lleva = there's no smoke without fire, where there's smoke there's fire.* dejarse llevar = become + carried away by, drift along, drift, coast along, go with + the flow, let + go, go along with + the flow.* dejarse llevar fácilmente = be easily led.* dejarse llevar (por) = fall + victim to, give + way (to).* dejarse llevar por el instinto = fly by + the seat of + Posesivo + pants.* dejarse llevar por el pánico = panic.* dejarse llevar por la corriente = go with + the flow, go along with + the flow.* el camino que lleva a = a/the doorway to.* el llevar = carrying.* el sendero que lleva a = a/the doorway to.* encargado de llevar a cabo = implementor [implementer].* encargado de llevar el marcador = scorer.* flor para llevar en el ojal = boutonniere.* la edad se lleva en el alma = you are as old as you feel.* la senda que lleva a = a/the doorway to.* llevando sobrepelliz = surpliced.* llevar a = lead on to, lead up to, result (in), take + Nombre + back to, usher into.* llevar a Algo a una nueva dimensión = take + Nombre + into a new dimension.* llevar a Alguien a juicio = bring + lawsuit against + Alguien, take + legal action, take + legal proceedings.* llevar a Alguien al límite = push + Alguien + over the edge, drive + Alguien + over the edge.* llevar a buen término = bring to + a close.* llevar a cabo = accomplish, carry out, conduct, execute, go about, implement, proceed, effect, realise [realize, -USA], transact, carry through, press forward (with).* llevar a cabo actividades = conduct + business.* llevar a cabo una acción = effect + execution.* llevar a cabo una actividad = conduct + activity.* llevar a cabo una actuación común = make + a concerted effort.* llevar a cabo una iniciativa = take + initiative.* llevar a cabo una misión = accomplish + mission.* llevar a cabo una orden = execute + command.* llevar a cabo una redada = swoop.* llevar a cabo una serie de pasos anteriormente realizados = execute + steps.* llevar a cabo un atraco = pull off + heist.* llevar a cabo un proyecto = carry out + project, undertake + project, develop + project.* llevar a cabo un robo = execute + theft, pull off + heist.* llevar a casa = bring + home.* llevar a conclusiones erróneas = mislead.* llevar a confusión = lead to + confusion.* llevar a cotas más altas = raise to + greater heights, take + Nombre + to greater heights.* llevar adelante = go ahead with, carry on, carry out.* llevar a engaño = be misleading, be deceiving.* llevar a + Estado Emocional = send into + Estado Emocional.* llevar a hablar de una cuestión = bring up + issue.* llevar a hombros = carry + Nombre + shoulder-high.* llevar a juicio = prosecute, sue, file + suit against, bring + a suit against, litigate, bring + criminal charges against, file + lawsuit against, take + Nombre + to court, bring + Nombre + to justice, put on + trial, try.* llevar a la bancarrota = bankrupt.* llevar a la conclusión = lead to + the conclusion.* llevar a la ficción = fictionalise [fictionalize, -USA].* llevar a la práctica = practise [practice, -USA], put into + practice, put into + practical effect, carry out, put into + effect.* llevar a la práctica una decisión = implement + decision.* llevar a la quiebra = bankrupt.* llevar Algo/Alguien a = usher + Nombre + into.* llevar Algo a sus últimas consecuencias = take + Nombre + to its ultimate conclusion.* llevar Algo demasiado lejos = push + Nombre + too far.* llevar Algo hasta el final = carry + Nombre + to the end.* llevar al hospital con toda urgencia = rush + Nombre + to hospital.* llevar al hospital de bulla y corriendo = rush + Nombre + to hospital.* llevar al hospital urgentemente = rush + Nombre + to hospital.* llevar al juzgado = take + Nombre + to court.* llevar al límite = stretch.* llevar a los tribunales = take + Nombre + to court.* llevar al poder = bring + Nombre + to power.* llevar aquí + Expresión Temporal = have been around + Expresión Temporal.* llevar a remolque = take in + tow.* llevar a tomar una decisión = lead (up) to + decision.* llevar aún más lejos = take + one stage further, progress + one stage further, carry + one stage further, develop + one stage further, take + a step further, extend + one step further, carry + one step further, take + one step further.* llevar camino de enfrentamiento con = be on a collision course with.* llevar consigo = carry around.* llevar el compás = beat + time.* llevar el mando = rule + the roost.* llevar el peso = undertake + burden.* llevar el sello de = bear + the imprint of, bear + the mark(s) of, bear + the stamp of, bear + the hallmarks of, have + the hallmarks of.* llevar el sello distintivo de = bear + the hallmarks of, have + the hallmarks of.* llevar en autobús = bus.* llevar en camión = truck.* llevar en volandas = carry + Nombre + shoulder-high.* llevar + Expresión Temporal = take + Expresión Temporal.* llevar la antorcha = carry + the torch.* llevar la batuta = call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost, set + the agenda.* llevar la contraria = antagonise [antagonize, -USA].* llevar la cuenta = tally.* llevar la cuenta de = keep + track of.* llevar la delantera = ahead of the game.* llevar la impronta de = bear + the imprint of, bear + the mark(s) of, bear + the stamp of, bear + the hallmarks of, have + the hallmarks of.* llevar la marca de = bear + the mark(s) of, bear + the stamp of, bear + the imprint of, bear + the hallmarks of, have + the hallmarks of.* llevar la marca distintiva de = bear + the hallmarks of, have + the hallmarks of.* llevar la montaña a Mahoma = bring + the mountain to Mohammed.* llevar la responsabilidad de Algo = carry + the burden.* llevar la voz cantante = call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost, set + the agenda.* llevarle la corriente a Alguien = play along with.* llevarlo bien = take it in + Posesivo + stride.* llevar + Nombre + aún más lejos = take + Nombre + a/one step further/farther.* llevar por el aire = waft.* llevar por el camino de = lead + Pronombre + down the road to.* llevar por el mal camino = lead + astray.* llevar por mal camino = mislead.* llevar (puesto) = wear.* llevar puesto el cinturón de seguridad = wear + a seat belt.* llevar razón = be right, be in the right.* llevar ropa puesta = wear + clothing.* llevar rumbo de colisión con = be on a collision course with.* llevarse = take, take away, cream off, haul away, cart, make off with, take + Nombre + away, be in, get away with.* llevarse a las mil maravillas con + Nombre = get on with + Nombre + swimmingly.* llevarse a las mis maravillas = get along/on + like a house on fire.* llevarse bien = get along, on good terms, hit it off.* llevarse bien con Alguien = get on with + Pronombre Personal.* llevarse el gato al agua = steal + the show, steal + the limelight, the nod + go to.* llevarse el mérito = take + the credit (for).* llevarse la fama = take + the credit (for).* llevarse la palma = sweep + the board, steal + the limelight, steal + the show, take + the biscuit, take + the cake, come out on + top.* llevárselo el viento = blow away.* llevarse los problemas a casa = bring + problems home.* llevarse una desilusión = be gutted, feel + gutted.* llevarse una (gran) sorpresa = be in for a (big) surprise.* llevarse un chasco = be gutted, feel + gutted, be disappointed.* llevarse un palo = be gutted, feel + gutted.* llevar sobre la espalda = carry on + Posesivo + shoulders.* llevar sobre los hombros = carry on + Posesivo + shoulders.* llevar tiempo = take + time, take + a while, take + long, absorb + time.* llevar tiempo y esfuerzo = take + time and effort.* llevar todas las de perder = odds + be stacked against, not have a leg to stand on.* llevar una cruz = suffer from + curse.* llevar una eternidad = take + ages (and ages).* llevar una vida + Ajetivo = lead + an + Adjetivo + existence.* llevar una vida arriesgada = live + dangerously, live + dangerously close to the edge.* llevar una vida de perros = lead + a dog's life.* llevar una vida miserable = live + wretched existence.* llevar un diario de trabajo = keep + diary.* llevar un minuto = take + minute.* llevar un negocio = conduct + a business.* no llevar a ninguna parte = achieve + nothing.* no llevar a ningún fin = beat + a dead horse, fart + in the wind.* no llevar a ningún fin, ser un pérdida de tiempo = flog + a dead horse.* no llevar a ningún sitio = go + nowhere.* pasar llevando = take through.* que se lleva gestando hace tiempo = long-simmering.* viajar llevando un mochila = backpacking.* * *1.verbo transitivo1)a) ( de un lugar a otro) to take¿qué llevas en el bolso? — what have you got in your bag?
comida para llevar — take out (AmE) o (BrE) takeaway meals
b) ( transportar) to carryc) < persona> to taked) ( tener consigo) to have2)a) (guiar, conducir) to takenos llevaron por un sendero — they led o took us along a path
la llevaba de la mano — I/he was holding her hand
b) (impulsar, inducir) to leadesto me lleva a pensar que... — this leads me to believe that...
¿qué la llevó a hacerlo? — what made her do it?
3) <ropa/perfume/reloj> to wear4) ( tener) to haveuna canción que lleva por título `Rencor' — a song entitled `Rencor'
5) ( tener a su cargo) <negocio/tienda> to run; < caso> to handle6)no sé bailar - no importa, yo te llevo — I can't dance - it doesn't matter, I'll lead
7) < vida> to leadllevar una vida tranquila/muy ajetreada — to lead a quiet/very hectic life; (+ compl)
¿cómo lleva lo del divorcio? - lo lleva muy mal — how is she coping with the divorce? - she's taking it very badly
8) (seguir, mantener)llevar el ritmo or el compás — to keep time
¿llevas la cuenta de lo que te debo? — are you keeping track of what I owe you?
¿qué dirección llevaban? — which direction were they going in?
9)a) ( requerir) to takelleva tiempo hacerlo bien — it takes time to do it well; (+ me/te/le etc)
b) (tener como ingrediente, componente)¿qué lleva esta sopa? — what's in this soup?
el tren sólo lleva dos vagones — the train has only two cars (AmE) o (BrE) carriages
10) (aventajar, exceder en) (+ me/te/le etc)11) (Esp) ( cobrar) to charge2.llevar v aux3.llevar las de ganar/de perder — to be likely to win/lose
llevar via) camino/carretera to go, leadb) ( al bailar) to lead4.llevarse v pron1)a) ( a otro lugar) to take¿quién se llevó mi paraguas? — who took my umbrella?
b) <premio/dinero> to winc) (quedarse con, comprar) to take¿cuántos se quiere llevar? — how many would you like?
d) (Mat) to carry9 y 9 son 18, me llevo una — 9 plus 9 is 18, carry one
e) (Arg) < asignatura> to carry over2) ( dirigir)3) <susto/regañina> to get4)5) ( hablando de modas)* * *llevar (puesto)(v.) = wearEx: The camera hound of the future wears on his forehead a lump a little larger than a walnut.
= bear, bring, carry, lead, lug off, steer, engage, escort, lead + Pronombre + down the road to, take along, tote.Ex: Examples of homographs are: bear (to carry, or an animal) and score (music, football or to cut).
Ex: Subject experts may bring a more informed and critical eye to document analysis.Ex: Cable TV systems have now been introduced in the United States that have the technical ability to carry two-way signals.Ex: A book index is an alphabetically arranged list of words or terms leading the reader to the numbers of pages on which specific topics are considered, or on which specific names appear.Ex: The whole affair, assembled and compressed, could be lugged off in a moving van.Ex: They decided that they had to set up information and referral services to steer people to the correct agency.Ex: And literature is part of that essential human behavior; it engages us in pre-enactments and re-enactments.Ex: Their work included escorting clients to other agencies.Ex: The catalog's deterioration is leading us down the road to lesser quality library service.Ex: When you're crunched for time, take along snacks that pack a wallop, nutritionally speaking.Ex: These bags are the best way to tote around your books, groceries, beach stuff, or even your puppy.* agua + llevar = wash away.* Algo que lleva mucho tiempo de hacer = time-consuming [time consuming].* comida para llevar = takeaway meal, take-out meal, take-out.* correr como alma que lleva el diablo = run for + Posesivo + life.* cuando el río suena, agua lleva = there's no smoke without fire, where there's smoke there's fire.* dejarse llevar = become + carried away by, drift along, drift, coast along, go with + the flow, let + go, go along with + the flow.* dejarse llevar fácilmente = be easily led.* dejarse llevar (por) = fall + victim to, give + way (to).* dejarse llevar por el instinto = fly by + the seat of + Posesivo + pants.* dejarse llevar por el pánico = panic.* dejarse llevar por la corriente = go with + the flow, go along with + the flow.* el camino que lleva a = a/the doorway to.* el llevar = carrying.* el sendero que lleva a = a/the doorway to.* encargado de llevar a cabo = implementor [implementer].* encargado de llevar el marcador = scorer.* flor para llevar en el ojal = boutonniere.* la edad se lleva en el alma = you are as old as you feel.* la senda que lleva a = a/the doorway to.* llevando sobrepelliz = surpliced.* llevar a = lead on to, lead up to, result (in), take + Nombre + back to, usher into.* llevar a Algo a una nueva dimensión = take + Nombre + into a new dimension.* llevar a Alguien a juicio = bring + lawsuit against + Alguien, take + legal action, take + legal proceedings.* llevar a Alguien al límite = push + Alguien + over the edge, drive + Alguien + over the edge.* llevar a buen término = bring to + a close.* llevar a cabo = accomplish, carry out, conduct, execute, go about, implement, proceed, effect, realise [realize, -USA], transact, carry through, press forward (with).* llevar a cabo actividades = conduct + business.* llevar a cabo una acción = effect + execution.* llevar a cabo una actividad = conduct + activity.* llevar a cabo una actuación común = make + a concerted effort.* llevar a cabo una iniciativa = take + initiative.* llevar a cabo una misión = accomplish + mission.* llevar a cabo una orden = execute + command.* llevar a cabo una redada = swoop.* llevar a cabo una serie de pasos anteriormente realizados = execute + steps.* llevar a cabo un atraco = pull off + heist.* llevar a cabo un proyecto = carry out + project, undertake + project, develop + project.* llevar a cabo un robo = execute + theft, pull off + heist.* llevar a casa = bring + home.* llevar a conclusiones erróneas = mislead.* llevar a confusión = lead to + confusion.* llevar a cotas más altas = raise to + greater heights, take + Nombre + to greater heights.* llevar adelante = go ahead with, carry on, carry out.* llevar a engaño = be misleading, be deceiving.* llevar a + Estado Emocional = send into + Estado Emocional.* llevar a hablar de una cuestión = bring up + issue.* llevar a hombros = carry + Nombre + shoulder-high.* llevar a juicio = prosecute, sue, file + suit against, bring + a suit against, litigate, bring + criminal charges against, file + lawsuit against, take + Nombre + to court, bring + Nombre + to justice, put on + trial, try.* llevar a la bancarrota = bankrupt.* llevar a la conclusión = lead to + the conclusion.* llevar a la ficción = fictionalise [fictionalize, -USA].* llevar a la práctica = practise [practice, -USA], put into + practice, put into + practical effect, carry out, put into + effect.* llevar a la práctica una decisión = implement + decision.* llevar a la quiebra = bankrupt.* llevar Algo/Alguien a = usher + Nombre + into.* llevar Algo a sus últimas consecuencias = take + Nombre + to its ultimate conclusion.* llevar Algo demasiado lejos = push + Nombre + too far.* llevar Algo hasta el final = carry + Nombre + to the end.* llevar al hospital con toda urgencia = rush + Nombre + to hospital.* llevar al hospital de bulla y corriendo = rush + Nombre + to hospital.* llevar al hospital urgentemente = rush + Nombre + to hospital.* llevar al juzgado = take + Nombre + to court.* llevar al límite = stretch.* llevar a los tribunales = take + Nombre + to court.* llevar al poder = bring + Nombre + to power.* llevar aquí + Expresión Temporal = have been around + Expresión Temporal.* llevar a remolque = take in + tow.* llevar a tomar una decisión = lead (up) to + decision.* llevar aún más lejos = take + one stage further, progress + one stage further, carry + one stage further, develop + one stage further, take + a step further, extend + one step further, carry + one step further, take + one step further.* llevar camino de enfrentamiento con = be on a collision course with.* llevar consigo = carry around.* llevar el compás = beat + time.* llevar el mando = rule + the roost.* llevar el peso = undertake + burden.* llevar el sello de = bear + the imprint of, bear + the mark(s) of, bear + the stamp of, bear + the hallmarks of, have + the hallmarks of.* llevar el sello distintivo de = bear + the hallmarks of, have + the hallmarks of.* llevar en autobús = bus.* llevar en camión = truck.* llevar en volandas = carry + Nombre + shoulder-high.* llevar + Expresión Temporal = take + Expresión Temporal.* llevar la antorcha = carry + the torch.* llevar la batuta = call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost, set + the agenda.* llevar la contraria = antagonise [antagonize, -USA].* llevar la cuenta = tally.* llevar la cuenta de = keep + track of.* llevar la delantera = ahead of the game.* llevar la impronta de = bear + the imprint of, bear + the mark(s) of, bear + the stamp of, bear + the hallmarks of, have + the hallmarks of.* llevar la marca de = bear + the mark(s) of, bear + the stamp of, bear + the imprint of, bear + the hallmarks of, have + the hallmarks of.* llevar la marca distintiva de = bear + the hallmarks of, have + the hallmarks of.* llevar la montaña a Mahoma = bring + the mountain to Mohammed.* llevar la responsabilidad de Algo = carry + the burden.* llevar la voz cantante = call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost, set + the agenda.* llevarle la corriente a Alguien = play along with.* llevarlo bien = take it in + Posesivo + stride.* llevar + Nombre + aún más lejos = take + Nombre + a/one step further/farther.* llevar por el aire = waft.* llevar por el camino de = lead + Pronombre + down the road to.* llevar por el mal camino = lead + astray.* llevar por mal camino = mislead.* llevar (puesto) = wear.* llevar puesto el cinturón de seguridad = wear + a seat belt.* llevar razón = be right, be in the right.* llevar ropa puesta = wear + clothing.* llevar rumbo de colisión con = be on a collision course with.* llevarse = take, take away, cream off, haul away, cart, make off with, take + Nombre + away, be in, get away with.* llevarse a las mil maravillas con + Nombre = get on with + Nombre + swimmingly.* llevarse a las mis maravillas = get along/on + like a house on fire.* llevarse bien = get along, on good terms, hit it off.* llevarse bien con Alguien = get on with + Pronombre Personal.* llevarse el gato al agua = steal + the show, steal + the limelight, the nod + go to.* llevarse el mérito = take + the credit (for).* llevarse la fama = take + the credit (for).* llevarse la palma = sweep + the board, steal + the limelight, steal + the show, take + the biscuit, take + the cake, come out on + top.* llevárselo el viento = blow away.* llevarse los problemas a casa = bring + problems home.* llevarse una desilusión = be gutted, feel + gutted.* llevarse una (gran) sorpresa = be in for a (big) surprise.* llevarse un chasco = be gutted, feel + gutted, be disappointed.* llevarse un palo = be gutted, feel + gutted.* llevar sobre la espalda = carry on + Posesivo + shoulders.* llevar sobre los hombros = carry on + Posesivo + shoulders.* llevar tiempo = take + time, take + a while, take + long, absorb + time.* llevar tiempo y esfuerzo = take + time and effort.* llevar todas las de perder = odds + be stacked against, not have a leg to stand on.* llevar una cruz = suffer from + curse.* llevar una eternidad = take + ages (and ages).* llevar una vida + Ajetivo = lead + an + Adjetivo + existence.* llevar una vida arriesgada = live + dangerously, live + dangerously close to the edge.* llevar una vida de perros = lead + a dog's life.* llevar una vida miserable = live + wretched existence.* llevar un diario de trabajo = keep + diary.* llevar un minuto = take + minute.* llevar un negocio = conduct + a business.* no llevar a ninguna parte = achieve + nothing.* no llevar a ningún fin = beat + a dead horse, fart + in the wind.* no llevar a ningún fin, ser un pérdida de tiempo = flog + a dead horse.* no llevar a ningún sitio = go + nowhere.* pasar llevando = take through.* que se lleva gestando hace tiempo = long-simmering.* viajar llevando un mochila = backpacking.* * *llevar [A1 ]vtA1 (de un lugar a otro) to taketengo que llevar los zapatos a arreglar I must take my shoes to be mendedle llevé unas flores I took her some flowerste lo llevaré cuando vaya el sábado I'll bring it when I come on Saturdayeste programa pretende llevar un mensaje de paz y amor a sus hogares this program aims to bring a message of peace and love into your homesel camión llevaba una carga de abono the truck was carrying a load of fertilizerdeja que te ayude a llevar las bolsas let me help you carry your bags¿qué llevas en el bolso que pesa tanto? what have you got in your bag that weighs so much?2 ‹persona› to takeiba para ese lado y me llevó hasta la estación she was going that way so she gave me a lift to o took me to o dropped me at the stationvoy a llevar a los niños al colegio I'm going to take the children to schoolnos llevó a cenar fuera he took us out to dinnerla llevaba de la mano I was holding her hand, I had her by the hand3(tener consigo): los atracadores llevaban metralletas the robbers carried submachine gunsno llevo dinero encima or conmigo I don't have any money on me4 (CS) (comprar) to take¿la señora ha decidido? — sí, llevo éste have you decided, madam? — yes, I'll take o I'll have this one¿cuántos va a llevar? how many would you like?B1(guiar, conducir): nos llevaron por un sendero hacia la cueva they led o took us along a path toward(s) the caveeste camino te lleva al río this path leads o takes you to the riveresta discusión no nos llevará a ninguna parte arguing like this won't get us anywhere2 (impulsar, inducir) to leadsu afición por el juego lo llevó a cometer el desfalco his passion for gambling led him to embezzle the moneyesto me lleva a pensar que miente this leads me to believe that she is lying¿qué puede llevar a una madre a hacer una cosa así? what could induce a mother to do such a thing?C1 ‹vestido/sombrero› to wearpuede llevarse suelto o con cinturón it can be worn loose or with a beltllevaba uniforme he was wearing his uniform, he was in uniformno llevo reloj I'm not wearing a watch, I haven't got a watch on2(hablando de modas): vuelven a llevarse las faldas cortas short skirts are back in fashionya no se lleva eso de las fiestas de compromiso people don't have engagement parties any moreD(tener): llevas la corbata torcida your tie's crookedhace años que lleva barba he's had a beard for yearsllevaba el pelo corto she wore o had her hair short, she had short haircada entrada lleva un número each ticket bears a number o has a number on itel colegio lleva el nombre de su fundador the school carries o bears the name of its founderuna canción que lleva por título `Rencor' a song entitled `Rencor'A(tener a su cargo): lleva la contabilidad de la empresa she does the company's accountssu padre lleva la tienda/el bar his father runs the shop/the barel abogado que lleva el caso the lawyer o ( AmE) attorney who is handling the casemi compañero lleva lo de los créditos my colleague deals with loanstrabaja a tiempo completo y además lleva la casa she works full time and does all the housework as wellB1 (conducir) ‹vehículo› to drive; ‹moto› to ride¿quién llevaba el coche? who was driving the car?2 ‹pareja›(al bailar): no sé bailar — no importa, yo te llevo I can't dance — it doesn't matter, I'll leadC1 ‹vida› to lead(+ compl): lleva una vida normal/muy ajetreada he leads o has a normal life/very hectic lifellevan su relación en secreto they're keeping their relationship secret¿cómo llevas lo del divorcio? how are you coping with the divorce?está en segundo año y lo lleva muy bien he's in the second year and he's doing very welllleva muy mal lo de que te vayas al extranjero she's taking this business of you going abroad very badlyllevaste muy bien la entrevista you handled the interview very well2 ( Ven) ‹golpe/susto› to getllevamos un susto grande cuando … we got a terrible fright when …va a llevar un disgusto grande cuando se entere he's going to be very upset when he finds outD(seguir, mantener): llevar el ritmo or el compás to keep timebaila mal, no sabe llevar el compás he's a bad dancer, he can't keep in time to the music¿estás llevando la cuenta de lo que te debo? are you keeping track of what I owe you?¿qué rumbo llevan? what course are they on?¿qué dirección llevaban? which direction were they going in o were they headed in?A1 (requerir, insumir) to takelleva mucho tiempo hacerlo bien it takes a long time to do it well(+ me/te/le etc): le llevó horas aprendérselo de memoria it took her hours to learn it by heartme va a llevar horas it's going to take me hours2(tener como ingrediente, componente): ¿qué lleva esta sopa? what's in this soup?esta masa lleva mantequilla en lugar de aceite this pastry is made with butter instead of oillleva unas gotas de jugo de limón it has a few drops of lemon juice in iteste modelo lleva tres metros de tela you need three meters of material for this dressla blusa lleva un cuello de encaje the blouse has a lace collarel tren lleva dos vagones de primera the train has o ( frml) conveys two first-class carriagesB (aventajar, exceder en) (+ me/te/le etc):me lleva dos años he's two years older than memi hijo te lleva unos centímetros my son is a few centimeters taller than you, my son is taller than you by a few centimetersnos llevan tres días de ventaja they have a three-day lead over usno me llevó nada por arreglármelo he didn't charge me (anything) for fixing it■lleva media hora esperando she's been waiting for half an hour¿llevas mucho rato aquí? have you been here long?lleva tres días sin probar bocado he hasn't eaten a thing for three daysel tren lleva una hora de retraso the train's an hour late¿te desperté? — no, llevo horas levantada did I wake you? — no, I've been up for hourslleva cinco años en la empresa she's been with the company for five yearshasta ahora llevan ganados todos los partidos they've won every game so farya llevaba hecha la mitad de la manga I'd already done half the sleevellevar las de ganar/perder to be bound to win/losecon el apoyo del jefe, llevas todas las de ganar if the boss is behind you, you're bound to succeed■ llevarvi1 «camino/carretera» to go, leadlleva directamente al pueblo it goes o leads straight to the village¿adónde lleva este camino? where does this road go o lead?2 (al bailar) to lead■ llevarseA1 (a otro lugar) to takela policía se llevó al sospechoso the police took the suspect away¿quién se ha llevado mi paraguas? who's taken my umbrella?nos lo llevamos a la playa we took him off to the beachno te lleves el diccionario, lo necesito don't take the dictionary (away), I need itllévate a los chicos de aquí get the children out of herelos ladrones se llevaron las joyas the thieves went off with o took the jewelsel agua se llevó cuanto encontró a su paso the water swept away everything in its path2 ‹dinero/premio› to winla película que se llevó todos los premios the movie that carried off o won o took all the prizes3 (quedarse con, comprar) to takeno sé cuál llevarme I don't know which one to have o take¿cuántos se quiere llevar? how many would you like?4 ( Mat) to carry9 y 9 son 18, me llevo una 9 plus 9 is 18, carry one5 ( Arg) ‹asignatura› to carry overB(dirigir): no te lleves el cuchillo a la boca don't put your knife in your mouthse llevó la mano al bolsillo he put his hand to his pocketC ‹susto/regañina› to get¡qué susto me llevé! what a fright I got!me llevé una gran decepción I was terribly disappointed, it was a terrible disappointmentse llevó su merecido he got what he deservedquiero que se lleve un buen recuerdo I want him to leave here with pleasant memoriesDllevarse bien con algn to get along with sb, to get on (well) with sb ( BrE)nos llevamos mal we don't get along o onse llevan a matar they really hate each otherse llevan como perro y gato they fight like cat and dog* * *
llevar ( conjugate llevar) verbo transitivo
1
te lo llevaré cuando vaya I'll bring it when I come;
¿qué llevas en la bolsa? what have you got in your bag?;
comida para llevar take out (AmE) o (BrE) takeaway meals
me llevó (en su coche) hasta la estación she gave me a lift to the station;
lo llevaba en brazos/de la mano she was carrying him in her arms/holding her hand
2
◊ la llevaba de la mano I/he was holding her hand;
esto no nos llevará a ninguna parte this won't get us anywhere
◊ esto me lleva a pensar que … this leads me to believe that …
3
1 ( tener a su cargo) ‹negocio/tienda› to run;
‹ caso› to handle;
‹ contabilidad› to do
2 (esp Esp) ( conducir) ‹ vehículo› to drive;
‹ moto› to ride
3 ‹ vida› to lead;
¿cómo llevas el informe? how are you getting on with the report?
4 (seguir, mantener): llevar el ritmo or el compás to keep time;◊ ¿llevas la cuenta de lo que te debo? are you keeping track of what I owe you?;
¿qué dirección llevaban? which direction were they going in?
1
nos llevan un día de ventaja they have a one-day lead over us
2 (Esp) ( cobrar) to charge
llevar v aux:
lleva tres días sin comer he hasn't eaten for three days;
el tren lleva una hora de retraso the train's an hour late;
llevo revisada la mitad I've already checked half of it
verbo intransitivo [camino/carretera] to go, lead
llevarse verbo pronominal
1
¿quién se llevó mi paraguas? who took my umbrella?;
el agua se llevó las casas the water swept away the houses
d) (Mat) to carry;◊ 9 y 9 son 18, me llevo una 9 plus 9 is 18, carry one
2 ‹susto/regañina› to get;
se llevó un buen recuerdo he left here with pleasant memories
3
4 ( hablando de modas) to be in fashion;
llevar verbo transitivo
1 to take: llévame a casa, take me home
(en dirección al oyente) te lo llevaré al trabajo, I'll bring it to your work
2 (vestir) to wear: lleva el pelo suelto, she wears her hair down
3 (transportar) to carry: no llevo dinero encima, I don't carry any money on me
4 (tolerar, sufrir) lleva muy mal la separación, she is taking the separation very badly
5 (una diferencia de edad) le lleva dos años a su hermana, he is two years older than his sister
6 (cobrar) me llevó dos mil pesetas por el arreglo, she charged me two thousand pesetas for the repairs
7 (necesitar) eso no lleva mucho trabajo, that doesn't need much work
8 (tiempo) llevo dos horas esperando, I've been waiting for two hours
esto llevará un buen rato, this will take a long time
9 (un negocio, empresa) to be in charge of
(a una persona) to handle: te lleva por donde quiere, she does what she likes with you
♦ Locuciones: llevar adelante, to carry sthg through
llevar las de ganar/perder, to be on a winning/losing streak
La traducción más común es to take: ¿Adónde llevas eso?, Where are you taking that? Llévalo a la cocina. Take it to the kitchen. Sin embargo, tratándose de llevar algo hacia el oyente o el hablante, debes emplear el verbo to bring: Te lo llevaré mañana. I'll bring it to you tomorrow. Te llevaré un regalo. I'll bring you a present.
' llevar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
acercar
- agitada
- agitado
- aire
- altar
- andar
- aparejada
- aparejado
- bajar
- batuta
- caballo
- cabo
- calzar
- calle
- cantante
- cargar
- cartera
- ciega
- ciego
- conducir
- costar
- dejarse
- delantera
- efectuar
- ejecutar
- escrita
- escrito
- garaje
- inducir
- juicio
- magistratura
- mal
- maquillarse
- operar
- pantalla
- pantalón
- perder
- preferir
- realizar
- sed
- sofoco
- subir
- traer
- transportar
- usar
- vestir
- voz
- anca
- andas
- arrastrar
English:
absorb
- accomplish
- account
- achieve
- ahead
- amulet
- astray
- authenticity
- band
- bankrupt
- bear
- blow
- boil
- bring
- carry
- carry about
- carry around
- carry away
- carry off
- carry on
- carry out
- coal
- conduct
- drag off
- drive
- effect
- fly
- follow through
- footpath
- forceful
- forever
- go through with
- hand-luggage
- handle
- haul up
- have
- have on
- have up
- hold
- hump
- implement
- inclination
- justice
- keep
- lead
- lead out
- lead to
- lead up to
- live
- lug
* * *♦ vt1. [de un lugar a otro] to take;le llevé unos bombones al hospital I took her some chocolates at the hospital, I brought some chocolates for her to the hospital with me;llevaré a los niños al zoo I'll take the children to the zoo;nosotros llevamos la mercancía del almacén a las tiendas we bring o transport the goods from the warehouse to the shops;me llevó en coche he drove me there;¿vas al colegio? ¡sube, que te llevo! are you going to school? get in, I'll give you a Br lift o US ride;¿para tomar aquí o para llevar? is it to eat in or Br to take away o US to go?;2. [acarrear] to carry;llevaba un saco a sus espaldas she was carrying a sack on her back;llevaban en hombros al entrenador they were carrying the coach on their shoulders;¿llevas rueda de recambio? have you got a spare wheel?;llevar adelante algo [planes, proyecto] to go ahead with sth;llevar consigo [implicar] to lead to, to bring about;está prohibido llevar armas carrying arms is prohibited3. [encima] [ropa, objeto personal] to wear;llevo gafas I wear glasses;¿llevas reloj? [en este momento] have you got a watch on?, are you wearing a watch?;[habitualmente] do you wear a watch?;llevaba una falda azul she was wearing a blue skirt;no lleva nada puesto she hasn't got anything o any clothes on;no llevo dinero I haven't got any money on me;nunca llevo mucho dinero encima I never carry a lot of money on me o around;4. [tener] to have;llevar bigote to have a moustache;lleva el pelo largo he has long hair;me gusta llevar el pelo recogido I like to wear my hair up;llevas las manos sucias your hands are dirty;los productos ecológicos llevan una etiqueta verde environmentally friendly products carry a green label¿qué lleva el daiquiri? what do you make a daiquiri with?6. [guiar, acompañar] to take;los llevé por otro camino I took them another way;lo llevaron a la comisaría he was taken to the police station;un guía nos llevó hasta la cima a guide led us to the top;Méxlléveme con el gerente I want to see the manager7. [dirigir] to be in charge of;[casa, negocio] to look after, to run;lleva la contabilidad she keeps the books8. [manejar, ocuparse de] [problema, persona] to handle;[asunto, caso, expediente] to deal with; [automóvil] to drive; [bicicleta, moto] to ride;este asunto lo lleva el departamento de contabilidad this matter is being handled by the accounts department;ella llevó las negociaciones personalmente she handled the negotiations herself;el inspector que lleva el caso the inspector in charge of the case;lleva muy bien sus estudios he's doing very well in his studies;sabe cómo llevar a la gente she's good with people9. [mantener] to keep;el hotel lleva un registro de todos sus clientes the hotel keeps a record of all its guests;llevo la cuenta de todos tus fallos I've been keeping count of all your mistakes;llevar el paso to keep in step;llevan una vida muy tranquila they lead a very quiet life10. [soportar] to deal o cope with;llevar algo bien/mal to deal o cope with sth well/badly;llevo bien lo de ir en tren todos los días, pero lo de madrugar… I can quite happily cope with catching the train every day, but as for getting up early…;Fam¿cómo lo llevas con el nuevo jefe? how are you getting on with your new boss?lleva camino de ser famoso/rico he's on the road to fame/riches;llevar las de ganar/perder: el equipo local lleva las de ganar/perder the local team are favourites to win/lose;en un juicio, llevamos las de ganar if the matter goes to court, we can expect to win;no te enfrentes con él, que llevas las de perder don't mess with him, you can't hope to winaquella inversión le llevaría a la ruina that investment was to bring about his ruin;¿adónde nos lleva la ingeniería genética? where is all this genetic engineering going to end?;llevar a alguien a hacer algo to lead o cause sb to do sth;esto me lleva a creer que miente this makes me think she's lying;¿qué pudo llevarle a cometer semejante crimen? what could have led o caused him to commit such a crime?me lleva dos centímetros/dos años he's two centimetres taller/two years older than me15. [costar] [tiempo, esfuerzo] to take;me llevó un día hacer este guiso it took me a day to make this dish16. [pasarse] [tiempo]lleva tres semanas sin venir she hasn't come for three weeks now, it's three weeks since she was last here;llevaba siglos sin ir al cine I hadn't been to the cinema for ages, it was ages since I'd been to the cinema;¿cuánto tiempo llevas aquí? how long have you been here?;llevo todo el día llamándote I've been trying to get through to you on the phone all day;llevar mucho tiempo haciendo algo to have been doing sth for a long time¿qué te llevaron por la revisión del coche? how much o what did they charge you for servicing the car?llevaré la roja I'll take o have the red one;¿lo envuelvo o lo lleva puesto? shall I wrap it up for you or do you want to keep it on?♦ vi[conducir]llevar a to lead to;esta carretera lleva al norte this road leads north♦ v aux(antes de participio)llevo leída media novela I'm halfway through the novel;llevo dicho esto mismo docenas de veces I've said the same thing time and again;llevaba anotados todos los gastos she had noted down all the expenses* * *I v/t1 take;llevar a alguien en coche drive s.o., take s.o. in the car;llevar dinero encima carry money3 ritmo keep up4:llevar las de perder be likely to lose;me lleva dos años he’s two years older than me;llevo ocho días aquí I’ve been here a week;llevo una hora esperando I’ve been waiting for an hour;¿te llevó dos horas hacer eso? it took you two hours to do that?II v/i lead (a to)* * *llevar vt1) : to take away, to carryme gusta, me lo llevo: I like it, I'll take it2) : to wear3) : to take, to leadllevamos a Pedro al cine: we took Pedro to the movies4)llevar a cabo : to carry out5)llevar adelante : to carry on, to keep goingllevar vi: to leadun problema lleva al otro: one problem leads to anotherllevar v aux: to havellevo mucho tiempo buscándolo: I've been looking for it for a long timelleva leído medio libro: he's halfway through the book* * *llevar vb¿quieres que te lleve la compra? shall I carry your shopping?4. (tener) to have¿qué llevas en la mano? what have you got in your hand?6. (tiempo) to have beenllevarle a alguien... años to be... years older than somebody -
10 revés
m.1 setback, reverse, backhand, drawback.2 reverse.3 reverse side of a cloth, wrong side of the fabric, wrong side of cloth, reverse.4 back, inside.pres.indicat.2nd person singular (tú) present indicative of spanish verb: rever.* * *2 (bofetada) slap; (golpe) backhander3 (en tenis) backhand (stroke)4 figurado (contrariedad) misfortune, setback, reverse\al revés / del revés (al contrario) the other way round 2 (interior en exterior) inside out 3 (boca abajo) upside down, the wrong way up 4 (la parte de detrás delante) back to frontal revés de contrary toreveses de fortuna setbacks, blows of fatereveses de la vida life's misfortunes* * *noun m.1) back2) reversal3) backhand•- al revés* * *SM1) (=lado contrario)•
el revés — [de papel, sello, mano, tela] the back; [de prenda] the insidesiempre empieza las revistas por el revés — he always reads magazines from the back, he always begins magazines at the end
2)• al o del revés — [con sustantivo] (=lo de arriba abajo) upside down; (=lo de dentro fuera) inside out; (=lo de delante atrás) back to front
tienes el libro al revés — you are holding the book the wrong way round o upside down
•
volver al o del revés — [+ prenda, objeto] to turn the other way; [+ argumento, situación] to turn on its head3)• al revés — [con verbo] the other way round; [como nexo] on the contrary
Luis le dejó dinero a Gerardo, ¿o fue al revés? — Luis lent Gerardo some money, or was it the other way round?
todo nos salió al revés — everything went wrong for us, nothing went right for us
a mí no me produce ningún complejo, al revés, es un orgullo — I'm not embarrassed by it, on the contrary, I feel very proud
•
al revés de, fue al revés de lo que dices — it was the opposite of what you sayal revés de lo que se cree,... — contrary to popular belief,...
•
entender algo al revés — to get hold of the wrong end of the stick•
y al revés — and vice versacuando yo quiero salir él quiere trabajar, y al revés — when I want to go out he wants to work, and vice versa
4) (=bofetada) slap, backhand slapcomo me vuelvas a insultar te doy un revés — you insult me again and you'll get a slap o you'll feel the back of my hand
5) (Dep) backhand6) (=contratiempo) setback* * *1)a)el revés — ( de prenda) the inside; ( de tela) the back, the wrong side; (de papel, documento) the back
b)al revés — ( con lo de adelante atrás) back to front; ( con lo de arriba abajo) upside down; ( con lo de dentro fuera) inside out; ( en sentido inverso) the other way around o (BrE) round
hace la `y' al revés — he writes his y's back to front o the wrong way round
todo lo entiende al revés — she's always getting the wrong end of the stick
2)a) ( bofetada) slap ( with the back of the hand)b) (Dep) backhand3) ( contratiempo) setback* * *1)a)el revés — ( de prenda) the inside; ( de tela) the back, the wrong side; (de papel, documento) the back
b)al revés — ( con lo de adelante atrás) back to front; ( con lo de arriba abajo) upside down; ( con lo de dentro fuera) inside out; ( en sentido inverso) the other way around o (BrE) round
hace la `y' al revés — he writes his y's back to front o the wrong way round
todo lo entiende al revés — she's always getting the wrong end of the stick
2)a) ( bofetada) slap ( with the back of the hand)b) (Dep) backhand3) ( contratiempo) setback* * *revés11 = back.Ex: In addition, one must not forget such mundane matters as door bells (front and back), a closing bell, fire bells, security alarms and possibly others all of which must be noticeably different.
* al revés = vice versa, in reverse, mirror-fashion, wrong way round, the, inside-out.* poner al revés = upend.* poner la casa al revés = turn + everything upside down.* volver Algo del revés = turn + Nombre + inside-out.* volver la casa al revés = turn + everything upside down.revés22 = setback, blow, reversal, snafu, swipe, slap.Ex: This article traces the beginning of library automation in Denmark, outlining the plans and setbacks which were experienced.
Ex: The Great War of 1914-18 was a heavy blow for the Bulletin, from which it never really recovered, and in the 1920s it gradually sank under its own weight, helped by a forced move from its previous quarters to make room for a trade fair.Ex: Libraries are struggling to hold on and maintain quality in the face of adversity and reversal.Ex: The article is entitled 'Thirty years on -- an age of snafu problems of coordinating libraries'.Ex: In fact it is an exaltation of the Kyoto protocol and a thinly disguised swipe at those countries who have not signed up.Ex: And actually a good slap is said to be statistically more likely to result in a child with agression and conduct problems, you may be interested to hear.* dar un revés = deal + a blow, give + a blow, strike + a blow, slap.* duro revés = cruel blow.* revés de la fortuna = reversal of fortune.* revés fulminante = crushing blow.* sufrir un revés = take + an unfortunate turn, take + a pounding, take + a beating.* * *A1el revés (de una prenda) the inside; (de una tela) the back, the wrong side; (de un papel, documento) the backplanchar la prenda del or por el revés iron the garment inside out o on the inside2al revés (con lo de adelante atrás) back to front; (con lo de arriba abajo) upside down; (con lo de dentro fuera) inside out; (en sentido inverso) the other way around o ( BrE) roundyo frío la cebolla y luego el pimiento — pues yo lo hago al revés I fry the onion first and then the peppers — I do it the other way aroundte has puesto los zapatos al revés you've put your shoes on the wrong feettienes los cubiertos al revés you have your knife and fork the wrong way roundse puso el vestido al revés she put her dress on back to fronthace la `y' al revés he writes his y's back to front o the wrong way roundcolgó el cuadro al revés he hung the picture upside downpuso el cuadro al revés he turned the picture to face the walltodo lo entiende al revés she's always getting the wrong end of the stick, she gets everything back to fronthoy todo me está saliendo al revés nothing's going right for me todayal revés de lo que uno se imagina contrary to what you might expectlo hizo al revés de como se le había dicho she did it the opposite way to how she had been toldsaberse algo al revés y al derecho to know sth (off) by heartB1 (bofetada) slap ( with the back of the hand)¡te voy a dar un revés! you're going to feel the back of my hand!2 ( Dep) backhandC (contratiempo) setbacksufrieron un importante revés en las últimas elecciones they suffered a major setback o a serious reverse in the last electionsun revés de fortuna podría acabar con todo esto a change in our fortunes o a reversal of our fortunes could mean the end of all of this* * *
revés sustantivo masculino
1a)
( de tela) the back, the wrong side;
(de papel, documento) the backb)
( con lo de arriba abajo) upside down;
( con lo de dentro fuera) inside out;◊ así no, va al revés not that way, it goes the other way around o (BrE) round;
se puso los zapatos al revés he put his shoes on the wrong feet;
todo lo entiende al revés she's always getting the wrong end of the stick;
todo me sale al revés nothing goes right for me;
saberse algo al revés y al derecho to know sth (off) by heart
2 (Dep) backhand
3 ( contratiempo) setback
revés sustantivo masculino
1 (de una materia u objeto) back
(de una prenda de vestir) wrong side
2 (con la mano) slap
3 (en juegos de raqueta) backhand
4 (económico, sentimental, etc) setback, misfortune
♦ Locuciones: al revés, (al contrario) the other way round: entender algo al revés, to get the wrong end of the stick
hacer algo al revés, to do sthg the opposite way
salir algo al revés, to turn out wrong
al revés/del revés, (con lo de delante atrás) back to front, US backwards
(con lo de dentro fuera) inside out
(boca abajo) upside down
' revés' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
entender
- voltear
- volver
- vuelta
English:
back
- backhand
- backwards
- inside
- reverse
- round
- setback
- upset
- upside
- way
- work at
- backward
- know
- purl
- reversal
- set
- upside down
- wrong
* * *1. [parte opuesta] [de papel, mano] back;[de tela] other side, wrong side;al revés [en dirección o sentido equivocado] the wrong way round;[en forma opuesta, invertido] the other way round;te has puesto los guantes al revés you've put your gloves on inside out;todo lo entiende al revés she's always getting the wrong end of the stick;no estoy triste, al revés estoy contentísima I'm not sad, on the contrary, I'm very happy;lo hizo al revés de como le dije she did the opposite of what I told her to;[lo de dentro, fuera] inside out; [lo de arriba, abajo] upside down;volver algo del revés to turn sth around;me puso el estómago del revés it turned my stomach2. [contratiempo] setback, blow;sufrir un revés to suffer a setback3. [bofetada] slapun golpe de revés a backhand;tiene un buen revés she has a good backhand* * *m1 ( contratiempo) setback2 en tenis backhand3:al osalir al revés fig go wrong* * *1) : back, wrong side2) : setback, reversal3) : backhand (in sports)4)al revés : the other way around, upside down, inside out5)al revés de : contrary to* * *revés n1. (de prenda, tela, papel) wrong side2. (en tenis, etc) backhand3. (contratiempo) setbackLas expresiones al revés y del revés tienen varias traducciones según el contexto. Fíjate en estos ejemplosno he dicho que no me gusta, al revés, me encanta I didn't say I don't like it, on the contrary, I love it -
11 nato
abbr NATO (= North Atlantic Treaty Organization)* * *nato agg.1 born (pred.): bambino appena nato, newborn baby; nato cieco, born blind; nato da povera gente, born of poor parents; nato morto, stillborn // nato a grandi cose, born to great things // nato con la camicia, born under a lucky star (o with a silver spoon in one's mouth) // nato ieri, (fig.) born yesterday // nato sotto buona stella, born under a lucky star // un poeta, pittore nato, a born poet, painter // la signora Rossi, nata Bianchi, Mrs Rossi, née Bianchi // era suo padre nato e sputato, he was the spitting image of his father2 ( uscito dall'uovo) hatched4 (di fiumi ecc.) rising (in, on sthg.)5 (fig.) ( sorto) born (of sthg.); ( causato) brought about, occasioned: disgrazie nate dalla guerra, misfortunes brought about by war; personaggi nati dalla sua fantasia, characters born of his imagination◆ s.m. person born: i nati del 1960, the people born in 1960 // il primo nato, the first child (o first born).* * *['nato] nato (-a)1. ppSee:2. agg2)(di donna, prima di sposarsi)
la sig.ra Rossi, nata Bianchi — Mrs Rossi, née Bianchi3. smi nati del o nel 1960 — those born in 1960
* * *['nato] 1.participio passato nascere2.aggettivo bornappena nato — [ bambino] newborn
3.nato morto — stillborn (anche fig.)
sostantivo maschile* * *nato/'nato/→ nascereII aggettivoborn; la Signora Marchi -a Rossi Mrs Marchi née Rossi; nato da buona famiglia highborn; non sono nato per viaggiare I'm a poor traveller; appena nato [ bambino] newborn; nato morto stillborn (anche fig.); un musicista nato a born musicianIII sostantivo m.i -i del 1972 those born in 1972.
См. также в других словарях:
The Misfortunes of Mr. Teal — infobox Book | name = The Misfortunes of Mr. Teal also The Saint in England also The Saint in London title orig = translator = image caption = 1960s Avon Books edition with alternate title author = Leslie Charteris cover artist = country = United … Wikipedia
Controversies of the Polish–Soviet War — A barrack for students in a Tuchola internment camp. A photo published by a Russian White immigrant paper in Poland that dubbed Tuchola a death camp . Many Russian POWs died in Poland as a result of poor conditions and communicable diseases… … Wikipedia
List of The Chaser's War on Everything episodes — Contents 1 Series 1 (2006) 2 Series 2 (2007) 3 Series 3 (2009) 4 See also The following is a list of episodes of the Australian satirical televisio … Wikipedia
War of the Austrian Succession — The Battle of Fontenoy by Édouard Detaille. Oil on canvas … Wikipedia
The United States of America — The United States of America † Catholic Encyclopedia ► The United States of America BOUNDARIES AND AREA On the east the boundary is formed by the St. Croix River and an arbitrary line to the St. John, and on the north by the… … Catholic encyclopedia
The Economic Consequences of the Peace — (1919) is a book published by John Maynard Keynes. Keynes attended the Versailles Conference as a delegate of the British Treasury and argued for a much more generous peace. It was a best seller throughout the world and was critical in… … Wikipedia
War of Succession of Champagne — Date 1216 1222 Location County of Champagne and its environs; mostly concentrated in southeastern Champagne Result Loyalist victory, Theobald IV succeeds as Count, Countess Regent Blanche centralizes authority over … Wikipedia
The Counter-Reformation — The Counter Reformation † Catholic Encyclopedia ► The Counter Reformation The subject will be considered under the following heads: I. Significance of the term II. Low ebb of Catholic fortunes III. St. Ignatius and the Jesuits,… … Catholic encyclopedia
The Kingdom of Bavaria — The Kingdom of Bavaria † Catholic Encyclopedia ► The Kingdom of Bavaria I. POLITICAL CONSTITUTION, AREA, POPULATION The present Kingdom of Bavaria named after the German tribe called Boiarii has formed, since 1871, a constituent… … Catholic encyclopedia
The Netherlands — The Netherlands † Catholic Encyclopedia ► The Netherlands (Germ. Niederlande; Fr. Pays Bas). The Netherlands, or Low Countries, as organized by Charles V, under whom the Burgundian era ended, comprised practically the territory… … Catholic encyclopedia
The Secret (2006 film) — The Secret Directed by Drew Heriot Produced by Rhonda Byrne (Executive Producer), Paul Harrington (Producer) … Wikipedia
